Because the beaver isn't just an animal; it's an ecosystem!

Category: Beaver Anatomy


Beavers have a friend in retired SUNY ESF professor


Dietland Muller-Schwarze, of Manlius, holds a piece of artwork of beavers given to him by the U.S. Department of Agriculture as part of a "Lifetime Achievement Award" he received for his 25 years of research and other work involving the animal (David Figura | dfigura@syracuse.com)


Dietland Muller-Schwarze, 78, a retired SUNY ESF professor in wildlife biology, studied the animal in parts of the Adirondacks and in the Alleghany State Park for more than 25 years. He wrote two books on them — the most recent, “The Beaver: Its Life and Impact,” was published in 2011.

They do a lot of good. Their dams create wetlands, which cleanse the water. The water percolates slowly through the area and gets purified, everything from bacteria to toxins get taken out. In addition, these wetlands create habitat for other large animals, birds, insects and plants. In the Adirondacks, beaver-made wetlands are assisting the comeback of moose. Finally, beaver-made, wetland/meadows were attractive to the early settlers of this country, who drained them and easily turned them into farm land because of the fertile soil.

Nowadays, we know there are many ways to design and regulate things like stream flows by doing things like putting pipes in beaver dams so that beavers and humans can live peacefully together. There are such things as “beaver deceivers’ that can be set up in front of culverts so that beavers can’t block them up.

Oh Dietland! I don’t think I’m ready for you to retire unless you use your free time to start a Worth A Dam Manlius chapter? What will all those forestry students do without you? I remember how firmly I clutched your book and scoured through its pages when I was on the beaver subcommittee. I gave a copy to the city council who must have at least read the jacket. One year you donated a copy for our silent auction and I remember your email praising Worth A Dam as one of my most prized possessions. Well, enjoy your retirement. And let us know if you feel inclined for a little volunteer work?

Sigh. Why do the good ones always retire? Here’s someone who’s NOT retiring.

Central Frontenac considers new beaver dam bylaw

EMC News – Out of necessity, Central Frontenac Public Works Manager Mike Richardson has become something of an expert on beaver dams.  As such, he was at Central Frontenac Council’s regular meeting last week in Sharbot Lake with a draft bylaw to help his department deal with this ongoing problem.

“Section 1.1. says ‘no person shall permit a beaver dam or other obstruction on property.

If he’s an expert on beaver dams I will eat my labrador. Our old city manager called himself an expert on beaver dams once. Permit me to doubt. Here’s another one who’s apparently not retired…or arrested.

Sterile as a beaver

There’s a stat that Denis Fournier repeats often, both when he writes and during the course of our phone interview. The average beaver, he says, cuts down 200 trees per year. “A beaver colony can have nine to 12 beavers in it. So that’s 2000 trees per year,” says Fournier, who works as a wildlife management technician for the City of Montreal. “After humans, they’re the animal the most able to change their environment. They can cause a tremendous amount of damage.”

For people like Fournier, responsible for maintaining the ecosystems at Montreal’s nature parks, that was a huge cause for worry. So the City conducts its own struggle against the beavers, and in the case of Parc-nature du Bois-de-l’Île-Bizard, located just off of Pierrefonds, that means capturing them, tagging them, and finally vasectomizing them.

The vasectomy program, in place since 1995, came about after beavers were seen as being an increasing threat to ecosystems around Montreal. Thus far only six beavers have been sterilized, all of them in Île-Bizard. Fournier used to go out into the wetlands himself and set the traps, which would then have to be checked every day so as not to traumatize or endanger the beavers. Nowadays he’s too busy with other responsibilities, so the city hires a professional trapper to do the work. If they find any younger, unsterilized beavers that move into the park, they’re taken to the Biodome, sedated, sterilized, implanted with a microchip and then released 24 hours later into the wild. They continue to set traps in the fall so that they can monitor the beavers.

I am speechless. What is wrong with people? Have they lost their minds and all sense of human decency? Are there some kind of toxic spores in beaver scat that make people insane? I found this article cheerfully posted on the Beavers:Wetlands and Wildlife facebook page, but I’m assuming they hadn’t read through the vasectomy details. (Nope: Owen says vasectomy is better than trapping. I’m not so sure.) There is even a photo of the operation in process. I don’t see the word VET anywhere in its glossy pages, so I’m going to assume that  someone from city staff performs these delicacies themselves. Maybe Mr. Fournier and his son. Just to be clear, it is true that in general vasectomies are far far more simple than hysterectomies to perform. But remember that all beaver sex organs are internal, so we’re not talking about a simple snip here.

The article says that the project was started in 1995. And since then 6 beavers were successfully treated. That’s barely one successfully surgery every two years. I guess if a few beavers are killed in the process, it’s time well spent.

Montreal is an island where the water recently was declared unsafe to drink. It is home to about 4,000.000 people who mostly speak French. Its 141 square miles boast an apparently uncounted square miles of water, because even though its surrounded by water, I can’t find the statistics for that anywhere on the Google. This is the only part of the article that came even close to making me laugh

There could be anywhere up to 100 beavers around Montreal, though not of all them in city parks, which makes containing them an ongoing process.

11 colonies of beavers in a city half the size of New Orleans? Must go, I have letters to write.


West Linn police trap beaver that moved into a front-yard water feature

West Linn police thought they were going to deal with a sick animal Saturday at a home along River Street. But when they found a feisty beaver had taken up residence in a front-yard water feature, it was a whole different ballgame.

“The animal wasn’t sick at all,” said Officer Mike Francis, West Linn police spokesman. “He was just being territorial, staking his claim to the water feature.”

Thank goodness this happened in Oregon and nothing TOO bad happened to this beaver but after reading these grim details I want to cross examine these witnesses.

. “Mr. Harper,” I’d like to say in a Perry Mason voice, “Could you describe for the court your intention in putting in this water feature?”

“We wanted the yard to look natural” he’d say casually, and I’d lean closer, knowing I had the judge’s full attention.

“So natural that a beaver might move in?” I’d invite, enjoying the murmur of the jury.

“No” he’d stammer. “We didn’t want beavers. We just wanted birds, well not the kind that eat the koi. No raccoons, no beavers no turtles, we just wanted it to look natural, but not that much nature!”

And in my mind this home-owner courtroom would gasp and nod knowingly, and that’s when I’d show the video, to make sure the jury saw things my way. A scared little beaver stuffed in a hole. A crazy home-owner without an eye-dropper’s worth of compassion. And a snotty, squealing boy named ‘Maverick’ of all things.

They’d be shaking their heads by the end, and even the officer I called as witness would blush a little. Now I’d show a nice video of the little woman Sherri Tippie live trapping a beaver, soothing it and gently releasing it into a broad stream.

“You deliberately built a feature that looked natural because you wanted your yard to appear natural. Should we blame this young beaver for taking you at your word? In all likelihood the beaver would have moved on anyway, but if he didn’t you could clearly afford to hire Ms Tippie to relocate him appropriately. Instead you monopolized the afternoon of two peace officers and who might have otherwise been busy saving lives or property.’

“The beaver in question was an adolescent leaving home for the first time. Doesn’t he deserve a gentler response to his independence than this? What kind of response should the world take for Maverick when he leaves home for college and winds up staying overnight in the wrong place?”

‘Mr. Harper, would you please take a look at the back of the flag and tell me what you see.”

A beaver” he’d whisper.

” I’m sorry, I couldn’t hear you. Could you say that again for the jury.”

“A beaver” he’d snap.”But if I lived in California I wouldn’t let a grizzly bear live in my yard either!”

I’d smile with the jury to show how un-intimidated I was by his argument. “No doubt!” I’d agree. “You’ve made it clear that you don’t want nature of any kind in your natural looking yard. No birds. No beavers. No raccoons.  In fact, the only kind of nature you can tolerate at all apparently is human nature. And the lowest kind of that. Fear, ignorance, curiosity, disgust. That seems to be the only nature you can bear.” I’d turn my head and leave the witness stand.

“Your honor, I rest my case”.

In my fantasy home-owner courtroom beaver justice would be served. Mr. Harper would have to pay salary for the time he monopolized the police as his personal animal control unit, and the water feature would be donated to the state, which better understands how to live with nature. 5 girl scouts would sew fabric into that snare so that it didn’t cause internal bleeding the next time the police used it and staff from PAWS would come check on that little beaver just to make sure he’s okay.

Thank goodness! I’ve been waiting to use this graphic forever!


Trophic level refers to an organism’s position on the food chain. It’s from the greek word τροφή meaning food. One popular strain of ecological thought follows trophic levels down the chain to study their impact: as in wolves eat elk. Elk eat willow. More wolves mean fewer elk and more willow, right? End of story.

Maybe not.

This kind of thinking leaves awesome gaps so wide that you could sail a scholarship through. For example, certain flat-tailed animals, (I won’t give the answer away) trigger a feed back loop that changes the top-down interaction. For example, wolves eat elk, fewer elk mean more willow, more willow means you can have more beaver, and beaver in addition to eating willow,  create conditions that inspire more willow to grow!

Food chain of command changed from both ends! Enter Kristin Marshall Ph.D. Ecology Colorado University.

Trophic cascades in action

This is a classic example of a popular theory in community and food web ecology– trophic cascades. The story goes like this: top predators (in this case, wolves) prey upon herbivores (elk) and control their population size. Herbivores feed on plants, and when herbivores are controlled by predation, plants do better. If top predators are removed, herbivore populations increase, more plants are consumed, and overall plants do worse.

Back to our story. In 1995, something really miraculous happened in Yellowstone. There was enough interest and political will to allow Park biologists to reintroduce a few wolves, and then a few more the following year (you can find more backstory in this book). Wolves quickly became established on the northern range, and their population grew. They preyed upon the large elk herd, and elk numbers declined (other factors contributed, like people hunting elk outside the park boundaries).

Declining elk numbers should mean that plants should do better, right? That’s what the ecological theory predicts. But it turns out the story is a bit more complicated.

Beaver face: Ann Cameron Siegal


Beaver dams have key feedbacks to willow stands. They raise water levels behind the dam, giving willow roots easier access to water, and increase flooding, a disturbance required for willow reproduction.

Who was it that said beavers change things; that’s what they do“. Oh, right that was ME. I’m delighted that your missing link turned out to be castor in nature! Kristin when you’re done researching Yellowstone, maybe you’d appreciate a trip to Martinez? We would be happy to help you get to the bottom of this…



N.Y. man traps 70-pound beaver



How many surprisingly-heavy dead beavers does the media have to report on before we cease being surprised?

APALACHIN, N.Y., Dec. 27 (UPI) — A New York man says he got a surprise when he retrieved his animal trap from the Susquehanna River to find a record catch — a 70-pound beaver. Bryan Lockman of Apalachin said the monster beaver was in one of several traps he set last week.

“This was only the second day I’d ever gone trapping,” Lockman, 18, told the (Binghamton, N.Y.) Press Bulletin. “When I saw how big it was, wow, it was unbelievable.”

My goodness, such success on only your second day of killing! You must be very proud. Enjoy the champagne. In the meantime I would like to have a conversation with the Department of Natural Resources out your way.

The average adult beaver weighs 35 to 60 pounds, with most coming in at around 40 to 45 pounds, the state Department of Environmental Conservation said.

I’m just curious, but how exactly do you determine the average weight of an adult beaver? I mean, how would you know they were an adult in the first place? You obviously weren’t there when they were born. You probably aren’t testing their reproductive organs.  Why wouldn’t you call a 35 lb beaver a yearling or a sub-adult?

Apparently people are very surprised that big animals are big. Who knew?

Oh, and guess whose parents are driving him to Martinez on his way to the Wild and Scenic Film festival where he will be the youngest filmmaker entered? He just had to see the home of the Martinez Beavers! Here’s his recent beta test for ipad and just in case you think this is easy a behind the scenes look at how he made it!


Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita
mi ritrovai per una selva oscura,
ché la diritta via era smarrita.

Midway upon the journey of our life
I found myself within a forest dark,
For the straightforward pathway had been lost.

This, in case you don’t recognize it, is the famous beginning of Dante’s Inferno, written in 1308, in which the poet is guided by Virgil into the underworld and devotes a couple thousand cantos to describe for the rest of us what kind of fate awaits our sins. The entire trilogy is called the Divine Comedy, not because its funny, but because it goes from despair to heaven, which is the old sense of the word where ‘tragedy’ begins in happiness and ends in ruin, and ‘comedy’ ends in triumph.

Though no theologian, I can announce with certitude that Dante was wrong about at least three things. Socrates, sodomites, and beavers. Given the topic of this website I’ll confine myself to the latter for the time being.

Canto XVII


If your archaic Italian is a little rusty, allow me to translate. Dante is using a reference to the beaver sitting on his tail at the edge of the water as a way to describe how a monster is waiting at the edge of the void to carry them to the next level. ‘Lo bevero‘ is our friend, and he’s sitting there to ‘wage war’. Wage war? Who does a beaver wage war against? Not city council members or trappers or piles of willow leaves, according to Dante something very unsuspected. I’ll let the  Scottish journal I was pointed to yesterday written for Lord Bute (who apparently had his own Scottish Beaver trial in 1878) describe it.

Isn’t that beautiful? This was the best Thanksgiving present ever and you might want to check it out yourself here. So thank you to Peter Smith (CEO of the WIldwood Trust in Scotland) who put me on to it and thank you to Lord Bute for inspiring this excellent excellent dressing down of Dante. A great bit of beaver lore and further proof that folks have been lying about beavers for 700 years!

Oh, and Happy Evacuation Day!

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